{"id":25038,"date":"2015-07-01T15:59:32","date_gmt":"2015-07-01T19:59:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/greenblue.com\/pavement-trees-the-space-between\/"},"modified":"2024-03-21T14:34:05","modified_gmt":"2024-03-21T14:34:05","slug":"pavement-trees-the-space-between","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/greenblue.com\/gb\/pavement-trees-the-space-between\/","title":{"rendered":"Pavement, Trees, & The Space Between"},"content":{"rendered":"

The purpose of pavement is simple: to support traffic\u00a0loads.\u00a0Or so most would think… But what about the space below pavement? And what about the purpose pavement has as a base around urban trees? How can street trees be provided for\u00a0underground with all the structural requirements of engineering a roadway? In this article, we discuss the engineering behind what maintains the structural\u00a0integrity of\u00a0pavement and look at how street trees can be sufficiently supported without compromising structural integrity.<\/p>\n

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Pavement Types<\/h3>\n

Paved structures\u00a0provide a smooth surface for vehicles, bicycles, and pedestrians to improve efficiency and comfort.\u00a0Pavement usually consists of numerous\u00a0layers, placed over the in situ material, which work together to support traffic and environmental conditions. The surface layer may be made of asphalt, concrete, aggregate, or interlocking blocks. Concrete provides a rigid paved structure while most\u00a0other pavements are flexible. Composite pavements are often the result of pavement rehabilitation, and exist\u00a0consisting of both flexible and rigid elements.<\/p>\n

Paving materials are\u00a0also porous (permeable) or nonporous (impermeable). Permeable materials have open voids between their particles or units that allow water and air movement around the paving material. Although\u00a0some permeable paving materials are\u00a0indistinguishable from impermeable materials, their environmental impact is quite different.<\/p>\n

Permeable paving materials include pervious concrete, asphalt, single sized aggregate, resin bound paving, and open-jointed blocks.<\/p>\n

A major benefit of permeable paving is its contribution to growing healthy urban trees<\/a>\u00a0through the admission of vital water and air to their rooting zones. Permeable pavements behave like a natural soil surface enabling the soil moisture to fluctuate with rapid wetting followed by drying and re-aeration. Other advantages of porous paving include better management of urban stormwater runoff<\/a>, resulting in less pollutants through the capture and breakdown in the subgrade, and\u00a0control of erosion and siltation.<\/p>\n

Disadvantages include the inability of permeable pavements to solely handle large rainfall events, as well as possible soil contamination, and in some instances climate limitations also arise due to road salt ineffectiveness\u00a0on porous surfaces. Cost, longevity, and maintenance are also issues to consider. Most of these potential concerns, however, can be managed by integrating permeable pavements with standard stormwater facilities and\u00a0prudent planning\u00a0of porous locations.<\/p>\n

Subgrade Strength<\/h3>\n

The subgrade is the soil underneath any paved structure and bears the load of any traffic on the surface. Subgrades are\u00a0comprised of naturally occurring\u00a0earth, disturbed existing soil, and\/or fill brought from elsewhere. Even though\u00a0the subgrade provides the main support of a paved surface, it is the structurally weakest component. For a pavement structure\u00a0to be durable, it must protect the subgrade from deforming and does this by spreading the load over the subgrade.<\/p>\n

The site subgrade characteristics are an important factor in pavement engineering, due to the fact that natural soils vary for any given site. Subgrade is typically composed of clay, silt, gravel, and sand, each of which has different chemical properties and particle sizes.<\/p>\n

\"P1010523_post\"
\n‘Shared space’ areas that permit\u00a0pedestrian, bicycle, and vehicular traffic\u00a0require\u00a0rootable\u00a0area\u00a0underground for trees, while still maintaining a structurally sound paved surface<\/em><\/h5>\n

Wheel Loads Road Standards<\/h3>\n

The\u00a0total\u00a0load on a paved surface comprises the overall weight\u00a0of individual loads such as vehicles and pedestrians, and the frequency of such events over time. This range of loads is conveyed in terms of a common unit of measurement, referred\u00a0to as\u00a0a standard reference vehicle.\u00a0Any vehicle can be related to the reference vehicle by its EWL (equivalent wheel load) or ESAL (equivalent single-axle load).<\/p>\n

The overtime deterioration of pavement is directly\u00a0associated with traffic load expressed as equivalent single-axle load. When a paved structure\u00a0is designed it’s predicted ESAL is accounted for and its lifetime is calculated. Once the end of its estimated lifetime\u00a0arrives, the pavement is assumed to require rehabilitation in one form or another.<\/p>\n

Direct Load<\/h3>\n

Paved areas in cities must be engineered to\u00a0tolerate loads in accordance with\u00a0applicable standards. Heavy\u00a0emergency vehicles, such as fire trucks, must be able to access properties without causing severe\u00a0pavement failure. Where underground tree pits are utilized, they must be capable of withstanding extreme\u00a0loads while providing sufficient\u00a0volumes of uncompacted soil for root growth.<\/p>\n

\"IMG_2702\"
\nOn Main Street Markham<\/a>, StrataCells were installed under the roadway and\u00a0across the busy street\u00a0in order to link tree pits on both sides of the\u00a0road<\/em><\/h5>\n

In addition to direct vertical loads, paved surfaces are also subject to significant lateral force. Continual vehicular traffic can also cause road pavement to\u00a0deteriorate adjacent to tree pit areas unless prevented. It is vital that engineered space for tree root systems are capable of supporting this kind of lateral force.<\/p>\n

Ensuring Subgrade Strength<\/h3>\n

Interlocking structural soil cells<\/a> are a\u00a0strongly recommended method of ensuring paved surfaces and their subgrades receive the\u00a0foundational support they require to withstand the loads placed on them. These root cells have been designed to support enormous vertical and lateral loads while providing uncompacted soil for tree roots, allowing\u00a0tree root systems to be brought closer to the pavement surface.<\/p>\n

Rigid Pavement (i.e. Concrete) Load Dispersion
\n\"Rigid<\/h4>\n

Flexible Pavement (i.e. Asphalt) Load Dispersion
\n\"Flexible<\/h4>\n

Structural soil cell modules lock together to form a skeletal structure with excellent vertical and lateral modular strength.\u00a0StrataCells support pavement loads by dispersing pressure throughout the matrix in the same way\u00a0as engineered base course.<\/p>\n

An assembled StrataCell system has been FEA tested to 550 kPa vertical load. Engineers have even calculated that with only 300mm of granular pavement, the StrataCell matrix can support maximum vehicular traffic loads, while providing 94% void space for tree\u00a0root growth\u00a0or stormwater harvesting.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The purpose of pavement is simple: to support traffic\u00a0loads.\u00a0Or so most would think… But what about the space below pavement? And what about the purpose pavement has as a base around urban trees? How can street trees be provided for\u00a0underground with all the structural requirements of engineering a roadway? In this article, we discuss the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3409,"featured_media":18548,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[373,376,371],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25038","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-design-construction","category-soil-structure","category-urban-trees-arboriculture"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nPavement, Trees, & The Space Between - GreenBlue Urban<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The engineering maintenance of pavements structural\u00a0integrity & how trees can be sufficiently supported without compromising structural integrity\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/greenblue.com\/gb\/pavement-trees-the-space-between\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pavement, Trees, & The Space Between - 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